§¬§à§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ã §à§Ô§â§Ñ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ß§ß§à§Û §à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð «§·§å§Ñ§ç§Ñ§Û» §ä§â§å§Ò§à§á§â§à§Ó§à§Õ§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§Ñ §å§Ö§Ù§Õ§Ñ §¸§ç§Ñ§ß (§¸§ç§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ø§à§å) §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §é§Ñ§ã§ä§ß§à§Ó§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Ý§î§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§â§Ú§ñ§ä§Ú§Ö§Þ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Ö §ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §Ó §á§â§à§Ó§Ú§ß§è§Ú§Ú §·§ï§Ò§Ö§Û, §Ô. §¸§ç§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ø§à§å, §ß§Ñ §å§Ý. §¢§Ö§Û§Ý§Ú§ß §¸§ç§Ñ§ß§ç§ï, §ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§Ú§ä§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §â§Ñ§ã§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§Ú§Ú 240 §Ü§Þ §à§ä §ã§ä§à§Ý§Ú§è§í- §±§Ö§Ü§Ú§ß§Ñ, 180 §Ü§Þ §à§ä §á§à§â§ä§Ñ §´§ñ§ß§î§è§Ù§Ú§ß§î, §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ö§ä §å§Õ§à§Ò§ß§à§Ö §Ô§Ö§à§Ô§â§Ñ§æ§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§á§à§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö.
§³ 1980 §Ô§à§Õ§Ñ §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §â§Ñ§Ù§â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ü§à§Û §Ú §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à§Þ §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§í§ç §Ó§Ú§Õ§à§Ó §ä§â§å§Ò§à§á§â§à§Ó§à§Õ§ß§à§Û §Ñ§â§Þ§Ñ§ä§å§â§í, §Þ§í §á§à§Ý§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §á§â§Ú§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§Ö§Þ§ã§ñ §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§á§è§Ú§Ú §ß§Ñ§ê§Ö§Û §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú, §é§ä§à §á§Ö§â§Ó§à§Ü§Ý§Ñ§ã§ã§ß§à§Ö §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§à §Ú §â§Ö§á§å§ä§Ñ§è§Ú§ñ §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú - §á§â§Ö§Ó§í§ê§Ö §Ó§ã§Ö§Ô§à. §³§ä§â§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü §ã§à§ç§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ- §ã§á§à§ã§à§Ò§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §â§Ñ§Ù§Ó§Ú§ä§Ú§ð §Õ§à§Ó§Ö§â§Ú§ñ. §¢§Ý§Ñ§Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§â§ñ §ß§Ö§å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§ß§à§Þ§å §ä§â§å§Õ§å §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú «§·§å§Ñ§ç§Ñ§Û», §ß§Ñ§ê§Ñ §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§á§â§Ú§ñ§ä§Ú§Ö§Þ, §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ù§Ú§â§å§ð§ë§Ú§Þ§ã§ñ §ß§Ñ §Ó§í§á§å§ã§Ü§Ö §ß§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§Ó§Ö§ð§ë§Ú§ç §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ä§â§å§Ò §Ú §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ê§ä§å§è§Ö§â§à§Ó. §³§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ä§Ö§ç§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§ç §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§ß§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§â§ß§à 60 §é§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§Ö§Ü.
§¬§à§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§à§Þ §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ú§Ù§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú§ñ §Ú§Ù §ß§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§Ó§Ö§ð§ë§Ö§Û §Ú §å§Ô§Ý§Ö§â§à§Õ§Ú§ã§ä§à§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ú, §ä§Ñ§Ü§à§Û §Ü§Ñ§Ü: §æ§Ú§ä§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §ä§â§å§Ò, §ê§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§å§Ô§à§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Ô§Ý§å§ê§Ü§Ú, §æ§Ú§ä§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú §ã §Ô§Ý§ñ§ß§è§Ö§Ó§à§Û §á§à§Ó§Ö§â§ç§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð, §ê§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§å§Ô§à§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §æ§Ú§ä§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú §ã §Ù§å§Ò§é§Ñ§ä§í§Þ §ã§à§Ö§Õ§Ú§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ, §æ§Ú§ä§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ó§à§Õ§à§ã§ä§à§é§ß§í§ç §ä§â§å§Ò, §Ü§à§Ý§Ö§ß§é§Ñ§ä§í§Ö §ä§â§å§Ò§í, §Ü§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§í§Ö §æ§Ú§ä§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú, §æ§Ú§ä§Ú§ß§Ô§Ú §ã §ä§â§Ö§Þ§ñ §à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ô§Ñ§Û§Ü§Ú §Ú §Õ§â. §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö. §¡ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö, §á§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à §â§Ñ§Ù§Ý§Ú§é§ß§í§ç §Ó§Ú§Õ§à§Ó §á§â§à§Õ§å§Ü§è§Ú§Ú §Ó§à§Ù§Þ§à§Ø§ß§à §á§à§Õ §Ù§Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Ù, §ã§à§Ô§Ý§Ñ§ã§ß§à §ã §ä§â§Ö§Ò§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú §Ù§Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Ù§é§Ú§Ü§Ñ. §±§â§à§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§à§Õ§ã§ä§Ó§à §á§â§à§Õ§å§Ü§è§Ú§Ú §á§à§Ý§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §ã§à§à§ä§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§ä §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å§ß§Ñ§â§à§Õ§ß§í§Þ §ã§ä§Ñ§ß§Õ§Ñ§â§ä§Ñ§Þ: API¡¢ANSI¡¢BS¡¢DIN¡¢JIS£¬§Õ§Ý§ñ §à§ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§à§Õ§Ñ§Ø §ß§Ñ §â§í§ß§Ü§Ñ§ç §³§Ö§Ó§Ö§â§ß§à§Û §Ú §À§Ø§ß§à§Û §¡§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§Ü§Ú, §©§Ñ§á§Ñ§Õ§ß§à§Û §¦§Ó§â§à§á§í, §¢§Ý§Ú§Ø§ß§Ö§Ô§à §£§à§ã§ä§à§Ü§Ñ §Ú §À§Ô§à-§£§à§ã§ä§à§é§ß§à§Û §¡§Ù§Ú§Ú. §®§í §Ú§ã§Ü§â§Ö§ß§ß§Ö §ß§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Ö§Þ§ã§ñ, §é§ä§à §à§ä§Ö§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §Ú §Ù§Ñ§â§å§Ò§Ö§Ø§ß§í§Ö, §ã§ä§Ñ§â§í§Ö §Ú §ß§à§Ó§í§Ö §Ù§Ñ§Ü§Ñ§Ù§é§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ó §á§â§à§è§Ö§ã§ã§Ö §ã§à§ä§â§å§Õ§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ô§Ý§å§Ò§Ø§Ö §á§à§Ù§ß§Ñ§Ü§à§Þ§ñ§ä§ã§ñ §ã §á§â§à§Õ§å§Ü§è§Ú§Ö§Û §ß§Ñ§ê§Ö§Û §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §Ú §ß§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§Õ§ñ§ä §Õ§â§å§Ø§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Ö §à§ä§ß§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §Ô§à§â§ñ§é§à §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§ä§ã§ä§Ó§å§Ö§Þ §Ó§Ñ§ã §ß§Ñ §Ù§Ñ§Ó§à§Õ§Ö §ß§Ñ§ê§Ö§Û §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú, §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§Ñ §Ú §Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ö§Ý§à§Ó§í§ç §á§Ö§â§Ö§Ô§à§Ó§à§â§à§Ó.
